Endocrinology and Metabolism

Yoon Sok Chung (Chung YS)

68 Articles

A Case of CATCH22 Syndrome with Normal Parathyroid Function.: Min Jeong Lee, So Yeon An, Chang Bum Bae, Young Bae Sohn, Yoon Sok Chung; Endocrinol Metab. 2012;27(2):151-154. Published online June 20, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2012.27.2.151

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CATCH 22 is a medical acronym for cardiac defects, abnormal faces, thymic hypoplasia, cleft palate, and hypocalcemia, and a variable deletion on chromosome 22. It includes DiGeorge syndrome, conotruncal anomaly face syndrome, and velo-cardio-facial syndrome. It has a prevalence estimated at 1:3,000-1:6,000. Most deletions occur at de novo, but autosomal dominant inheritance is observed in 6-10% of cases. Hormonal disorders are common in patients with CATCH22 syndrome. While hypoparathyroidism was the predominant endocrine disturbance that has been documented in the DiGeorge syndrome, other hormonal defects, such as growth hormone deficiency, hypothyroidism, and hyperthyroidism have been occurred in patients with CATCH22 syndrome. The spectrum of parathyroid gland dysfunction in this syndrome ranges from severe neonatal hypocalcemia to normal parathyroid function. Most patients are usually diagnosed in young age, but a few patients with mild abnormality are presented later in life. We report a case of CATCH22 syndrome with normal parathyroid hormone and calcium level in an adult. The diagnosis of CATCH22 syndrome was confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis.

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A Case of CATCH22 Syndrome Diagnosed in Postmenopausal Woman
Seung Kyung Lee, Min Jeong Lee, Hyo Jin Lee, Bu Kyung Kim, Young Bae Sohn, Yoon-Sok Chung
Journal of Bone Metabolism.2013; 20(1): 57. CrossRef

A Case of an Adrenocortical Carcinoma with Pulmonary Embolism as the Initial Manifestation.: Hyo Jin Lee, Ji Young Kwak, Young Jip Kim, Tae Ho Kim, Jan Dee Lee, Hyun Woo Lee, Hae Jin Kim, Dae Jung Kim, Yoon Sok Chung, Kwan Woo Lee, Seung Jin Han; Endocrinol Metab. 2012;27(1):93-97. Published online March 1, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2012.27.1.93

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The annual incidence of a first episode of deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism (PE) in the general population is 120 per 100,000. Cancer is associated with an approximately 4- to 7-fold higher risk of thrombosis. Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare type of malignancy, accounting for 0.02% of all cancers reported annually. Approximately 40% of ACCs are nonsecretory. Most patients with nonsecreting tumors have clinical manifestations related to tumor growth (e.g., abdominal or flank pain). Often the adrenal mass is detected by chance via radiographic imaging. As a result, most ACC patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage and have a poor prognosis. Herein, we report a case of a 54-year-old woman who was admitted to our emergency department complaining of dyspnea. She was diagnosed with ACC accompanied by thrombi in the pulmonary artery and inferior vena cava. We performed a left adrenalectomy and administered adjuvant radiotherapy. The patient is currently receiving warfarin and adjuvant mitotane therapy. She was incidentally diagnosed with ACC, with PE as the initial manifestation.

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Iliac vein deep vein thrombosis as an atypical presentation of an adrenocortical carcinoma
Arshpreet Singh Badesha, Taha Khan, Engy Abdellatif
BMJ Case Reports.2022; 15(5): e248708. CrossRef

Case Reports and Estimated Prevalence of Adrenal Pheochromocytoma in Patients with Neurofibromatosis Type I in Korea.: Ju Yang Jung, Seun Joo Ahn, Hyung Young Yoon, Jung Min Ko, Yoon Sok Chung; Endocrinol Metab. 2011;26(3):258-262. Published online September 1, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2011.26.3.258

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Abstract PDF: We report three patients with adrenal pheochromocytoma who were associated with type I neurofibromatosis. Two of them were asymptomatic, but one case involved hypertension. We reviewed medical records and adrenal imaging, and estimated the prevalence of adrenal pheochromocytoma among neurofibromatosis type I patients in one university hospital in Korea. A total of 658 patients were coded for neurofibromatosis type I (Q85.0 with International Classification of Diseases 10 version) with clinical impression, but only 371 were confirmed via 1997 National Institute of Health criteria. Adrenal images were generated in 203 patients, and 3 of them were diagnosed with pheochromocytoma. According to the results of this study, the estimated prevalence of adrenal pheochromocytoma in type I neurofibromatosis was 0.30-1.48%.

Response: The Effects of Combined Treatment of Alendronate Plus Active or Plain Vitamin D on the Vitamin D Metabolism and Bone Turnover Marker in Patients with Osteoporosis (Endocrinol Metab 25:305-309, 2010, Jee-Hoon Koo et al.).: Yoon Sok Chung; Endocrinol Metab. 2011;26(1):108. Published online March 1, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2011.26.1.108

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Abstract PDF: No abstract available.

The Effects of Combined Treatment of Alendronate Plus Active or Plain Vitamin D on the Vitamin D Metabolism and Bone Turnover Markers in Patients with Osteoporosis.: Jee Hoon Koo, Hyun Kyung Kim, In Sung Kim, Eun Kyung Kim, Yoon Sok Chung; Endocrinol Metab. 2010;25(4):305-309. Published online December 1, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2010.25.4.305

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BACKGROUND
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of combined treatment with alendronate plus active or plain vitamin D on the vitamin D metabolism and bone turnover markers in patients with osteoporosis. METHODS: We investigated 297 osteoporosis outpatients who were treated with Maxmarvil(R) (alendronate 5 mg plus calcitriol 0.5 microg) daily or Fosamax Plus(R) (alendronate 70 mg plus cholecalciferol 2,800 IU) weekly for 1 year. The serum levels of 25(OH)D, parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcium, phosphorus, osteocalcin and N-telopeptide were measured at baseline and after 3, 6, and 12 months of treatment. RESULTS: The data of 72 of the 297 patients were analyzed. In the Maxmarvil(R) group (n = 45), the serum PTH significantly decreased by 17% from baseline at 6 months (microd = -6.10; +/- 0.85 SE; P < 0.05) and it remained suppressed to 12 months. The serum 25(OH)D tended to increase, but without significance. In the Fosamax Plus(R) group (n = 27), the serum 25(OH)D significantly increased by 77% from baseline at 3 months (microd = 9.87; +/- 2.32 SE; P < 0.05) and it remained significantly higher than baseline at 6 months (microd = 3.49; +/- 0.86 SE; P < 0.05) and 12 months (microd = 10.47; +/- 0.71 SE; P < 0.001). However, the serum PTH showed no significant decrease. In the Maxmarvil(R) group, the serum osteocalcin significantly decreased by 26% from baseline at 12 months (microd = -5.15; +/- 0.35 SE; P < 0.05), and in the Fosamax Plus(R) group, the serum osteocalcin significantly decreased by 19% from baseline at 6months (microd = -2.64; +/- 0.73 SE; P < 0.05) and it remained suppressed to 12 months (microd = -2.99; +/- 0.37 SE; P = 0.32) without significance. CONCLUSION: Maxmarvil(R) and Fosamax Plus(R) both improved the bone metabolism in Korean osteoporosis patients. Maxmarvil(R) significantly lowered the serum PTH levels, whereas Fosamax Plus(R) significantly elevated the serum 25(OH)D levels.

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Efficacy and Safety of Weekly Alendronate Plus Vitamin D35600 IU versus Weekly Alendronate Alone in Korean Osteoporotic Women: 16-Week Randomized Trial
Kwang Joon Kim, Yong-Ki Min, Jung-Min Koh, Yoon-Sok Chung, Kyoung Min Kim, Dong-Won Byun, In Joo Kim, Mikyung Kim, Sung-Soo Kim, Kyung Wan Min, Ki Ok Han, Hyoung Moo Park, Chan Soo Shin, Sung Hee Choi, Jong Suk Park, Dong Jin Chung, Ji Oh Mok, Hong Sun Ba
Yonsei Medical Journal.2014; 55(3): 715. CrossRef

A Case Report of Hajdu-Cheney Syndrome.: Eun Jin Han, Jun Il Mun, So Yeon An, Yun Jung Jung, Ok Hwa Kim, Yoon Sok Chung; Endocrinol Metab. 2010;25(2):152-156. Published online June 1, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2010.25.2.152

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Hajdu-Cheney syndrome (HCS) is a rare skeletal dysplasia that is characterized by acroosteolysis of the distal phalanges, distinctive craniofacial and skull changes, dental abnormalities and generalized osteoporosis. The clinical and radiologic characteristics are variable and these characteristics progress with age. This syndrome shows autosomal dominant inheritance with sporadic cases. The genetic defects or molecular pathogenesis of HCS are still unknown. We experienced a case of Hajdu-Cheney syndrome in a 20-year-old man who had generalized osteoporosis with multiple non-traumatic spine compression fractures. He had acroosteolysis of the hands and feet, wormian bones in the skull, facial dysmorphism (mid-facial flattening, micrognathia and bushy eyebrows), a high arched palate, malocclusion and short dental alveolar processes. HCS was diagnosed based on the clinical and radiologic evidence. For the differential diagnosis, we excluded the other possible causes of the acroosteolysis and wormian bones, including hyperparathyroidism, osteogenesis imperfecta, hypophosphatemia and mandibuloacral dysplasia. The specific treatment of HCS is unknown, but case reports with bisphosphonate treatment have been reported.

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Band acro-osteolysis in a Black woman: a case report and review of the literature
Jin-Myoung Dan, Cheungsoo Ha, Ho-Jae Lee
Archives of Hand and Microsurgery.2022; 27(1): 62. CrossRef
Clinical consequences in truncating mutations in exon 34 of NOTCH2: Report of six patients with Hajdu–Cheney syndrome and a patient with serpentine fibula polycystic kidney syndrome
Yoko Narumi, Byung‐Joo Min, Kenji Shimizu, Itsuro Kazukawa, Kiyoko Sameshima, Koichi Nakamura, Tomoki Kosho, Yumie Rhee, Yoon‐Sok Chung, Ok‐Hwa Kim, Yoshimitsu Fukushima, Woong‐Yang Park, Gen Nishimura
American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A.2013; 161(3): 518. CrossRef
An Unusual Presentation of Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Familial Hajdu-Cheney Syndrome: A Case Report
Gil-Ho Lee, So-Yeon An, Young Bae Sohn, Seon-Yong Jeong, Yoon-Sok Chung
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2013; 28(11): 1682. CrossRef
Effect of Zoledronic Acid on Acro-Osteolysis and Osteoporosis in a Patient with Hajdu-Cheney Syndrome
Sena Hwang, Dong Yoeb Shin, Seong Hwan Moon, Eun Jig Lee, Sung-Kil Lim, Ok Hwa Kim, Yumie Rhee
Yonsei Medical Journal.2011; 52(3): 543. CrossRef

A Case of Osteomalacia with Multiple Fractures and Hypocalcemia Associated with Phenytoin Therapy.: Eun Kyung Kim, Min Suk Lee, Yoon Sok Chung, Kyu Sung Kwack, Ji Man Hong, Ye Yeon Won; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2009;24(3):212-216. Published online September 1, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2009.24.3.212

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Abstract PDF: Many studies have shown that patients taking antiepileptic drugs are at an increased risk for metabolic bone disease and low bone mineral density. Traditionally, this has been attributed to alterations in vitamin D metabolism by antiepileptic drugs which induce hepatic microsomal cytochrome P450 enzyme. However, there appear to be multiple mechanisms for antiepileptic drug-induced bone loss including lack of physical activity, reduced sunlight exposure, increased propensity for falling, and fractures associated with seizures or loss of consciousness. We experienced a case of antiepileptic drug-induced osteomalacia in a 63-year-old woman who had been on phenytoin for 8 years and was admitted with hypocalcemic seizures and multiple pathological fractures. This patient also had other risk factors for osteomalacia including reduced sunlight exposure, prolonged immobilization, and decreased dietary vitamin D intake. We discontinued phenytoin, and started calcium and vitamin D replacement. The patient's serum calcium and vitamin D level were normalized after treatment. Metabolic bone disease including osteomalacia should be considered in patients who are taking antiepileptic drugs especially those who are exposed to other risk factors.

A Case of Persistent Hyperkalemia After Unilateral Adrenalectomy for Aldosterone-Producing Adenoma.: Min Jae Yang, Seung Jin Han, Min Seok Lee, Eun Kyung Kim, Hae Jin Kim, Dae Jung Kim, Yoon Sok Chung, Tae Hee Lee, Jang Hee Kim, Kwan Woo Lee; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2009;24(3):201-205. Published online September 1, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2009.24.3.201

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Abstract PDF: Primary aldosteronism is a syndrome characterized by various clinical features that are due to excessive autonomous aldosterone secretion not sustained by the activation of the renin-angiotensin system. Aldosterone-producing adrenal adenoma is found in approximately 35% of the patients who suffer with primary aldosteronism. Laparoscopic adrenalectomy is the standard treatment for aldosterone-producing adrenal adenoma, and the result of this operation is normalization of the serum potassium and plasma aldosterone concentrations, as well as correcting the plasma renin activity in most cases. However, it is known that some of the patients with aldosterone-producing adrenal adenoma show transient hyperkalemia postoperatively due to the reversible suppression of the renin-aldosterone axis. We recently experienced the case of a 54-year-old woman with an aldosterone-producing adrenal adenoma, and she presented with severe hyperkalemia after unilateral adrenalectomy. Compared with the previously reported cases that showed transient suppression of the rennin-aldosterone axis for less than 7 months, our patient revealed a prolonged episode of hyperkalemia for 8 months postoperatively, and this required continuous mineralocorticoid replacement.

Pituitary Hormonal Changes after Transsphenoidal Tumor Removal in Non-Functioning Pituitary Adenoma.: Min Suk Lee, Seung Jin Han, Eun Kyung Kim, Joo An Hwang, Yoon Sok Chung, Se Hyuk Kim, Kyung Gi Cho, Nae Jung Rim, Ho Sung Kim; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2009;24(3):181-188. Published online September 1, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2009.24.3.181

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BACKGROUND
The present study investigated the rates and the potential predictors of either new pituitary loss or recovery of hormonal function after transsphenoidal removal of a non-functioning pituitary adenoma. METHODS: Patients who underwent transsphenoidal removal of a non-functioning pituitary adenoma from January 2003 to December 2007 at Ajou University Medical Center were included in this retrospective analysis. Patients were excluded if they had a history of previous pituitary tumor surgery, or did not have preoperative pituitary hormonal data. RESULTS: Of 42 patients included in the analysis, 36 patients had hypopituitarism, 21 patients had "stalk compression" hyperprolactinemia, and 2 patients had normal pituitary function. At long term follow-up (longer than 6 months), 13 patients showed postoperative pituitary hormonal recovery in at least 1 hormonal axis, while 6 patients had developed postoperative hormonal loss in at least 1 hormonal axis. On analysis, neither preoperative serum prolactin level nor tumor size was related to postoperative pituitary hormonal changes. CONCLUSION: More than 1/3 of patients who underwent transsphenoidal surgery showed postoperative pituitary hormonal recovery.

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Childhood Onset Pituitary Adenoma: Clinical Presentations and Outcomes of 24 Cases
Hwa Young Kim, Hae Woon Jung, Jieun Lee, Ju Young Yoon, Young Ah Lee, Choong Ho Shin, Sei Won Yang
Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism.2012; 17(2): 82. CrossRef

A Case of Septo-optic Dysplasia Associated with Anterior Pituitary Hormone Abnormalities.: Jin Woo Lee, Eui Kyung Hwang, Tae Ho Kim, Hyung Young Yoon, Jae Ho Jung, Yong Won Choi, Suk Woo Yong, Jae Hong Ahn, Sun Yong Kim, Ho Sung Kim, Yoon Sok Chung; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2009;24(1):33-37. Published online March 1, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2009.24.1.33

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Abstract PDF: Septo-optic dysplasia (SOD) is a rare congenital malformation syndrome that is manifested by a triad of optic nerve hypoplasia, midline brain abnormalities and hypopituitarism. It is known to be associated with homeobox gene HESX1 mutation in some familial cases.

A Family Case of Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome in Sisters due to a Novel Mutation in the Androgen Receptor Gene.: Jun Mo Sung, Hyung Young Yoon, Hyon J Kim, Mi Ran Kim, Tae Hi Lee, Hee Jae Joo, Won Il Park, Yoon Sok Chung; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2008;23(4):277-283. Published online August 1, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2008.23.4.277

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Abstract PDF: Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) is a hereditary disorder that's characterized by the female phenotype in spite of the 46, XY karyotype, and this is caused by mutation of the androgen receptor gene. We experienced a case of the complete type of AIS. A 20-yr-old woman was evaluated for primary amenorrhea. The patient had external genitalia of the female phenotype, but she had no ovaries or uterus. The abdominal computed tomography scan revealed suspected testes in the pelvic cavity. The chromosome analysis was reported as 46, XY. We identified an androgen receptor gene novel mutation, including CAT deletion at the position 1925~1927 and AG deletion at the position 2129~2130 of exon 5, in both the proband and her sister. The patient underwent laparoscopic gonadectomy due to the possibility of malignant tumor developing in the testes. The subject is now on estrogen supplementation and she is under regular follow-up; she is in a good condition.

A Case of Panhypopituitarism and Central Diabetes Insipidus Caused by Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma.: Mi Sun Ahn, Soon Sun Kim, Tae Ho Kim, Seung Jin Han, Dae Jung Kim, Hugh Chul Kim, Se Hyuk Kim, Jae Ho Han, Ho Sung Kim, Yoon Sok Chung; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2008;23(4):260-265. Published online August 1, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2008.23.4.260

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Abstract PDF: Primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma is an uncommon neoplasm. However, the incidence of primary CNS lymphoma has increased more than 10-fold over the past three decades, and continues to accelerate. Currently, primary CNS lymphoma represents 4 to 7 percent of all newly diagnosed primary CNS tumors. Primary CNS lymphoma may arise from different parts of the brain, with deep hemispheric periventricular white matter being the most common site of origin. The presenting symptoms in primary CNS lymphoma vary depending on the location of the mass. Involvement of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis may cause hypopituitarism, diabetes insipidus, headache, diplopia, and blurred vision.

A Case of Intravenous Pamidronate-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw in a Patient with Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinemia.: Da Mi Lee, Mi Sun Ann, Tae Ho Kim, Tae Jin Park, Yoon Sok Chung, Joon Seong Park, Seung Il Song, Kyi Beom Lee, Hee Jae Joo; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2008;23(3):210-214. Published online June 1, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2008.23.3.210

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Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) is a rare, but serious, side effect of bisphosphonate therapy that produces significant morbidity in affected patients. It is characterized by poor wound healing and spontaneous intra-oral soft tissue breakdown, which lead to exposure of necrotic maxillary and mandibular bone.

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Dental sinus tracts mimicking scrofuloderma: cutaneous presentation of underlying bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw
H.-S. Kang, J.-W. Lee, J.-S. Kim
Clinical and Experimental Dermatology.2011; 36(6): 624. CrossRef

A Case Report of an Aldosterone-producing Adrenocortical Carcinoma.: You Hong Lee, Tae Jin Park, Hae Jin Kim, Dae Jung Kim, Kwan Woo Lee, Myung Wook Kim, Jang Hee Kim, Tae Hi Lee, Yoon Sok Chung; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2008;23(1):56-61. Published online February 1, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2008.23.1.56

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Abstract PDF

Primary aldosteronism is a syndrome characterized by hypokalemic alkalosis and hypertension. Aldosterone-producing adenomas and bilateral adrenal hyperplasia are common causes of this syndrome. An aldosterone-producing adrenocortical carcinoma is a very rare cause of primary aldosteronism. Recently we experienced a case of an aldosterone-producing adrenocortical carcinoma. A 41-year-old female was admitted for evaluation of a retroperitoneal mass. Because of hypokalemia and a history of hypertension, we evaluated the patient for primary aldosteronism. The high ratio of plasma aldosterone to renin activity suggested the possibility of the presence of primary aldosteronism. We performed adrenal vein sampling for differential diagnosis of an aldosterone-producing tumor from a retroperitoneal mass. The adrenal vein sampling showed that the primary aldosteronism was due to an aldosterone-producing tumor from the left adrenal gland. Surgical findings indicated that the retroperitoneal mass originated from the left adrenal gland and the pathological diagnosis for the mass was an adrenocortical carcinoma. In conclusion, the results from the adrenal vein sampling, as well as the surgical and pathological findings demonstrate that this case was an aldosterone-producing adrenocortical carcinoma.

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Bone Mineral Density Reference of 10-20 year-old Korean Children and Adolescents - Based on Hologic DXA from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys -
Hyeon Jeong Lee, Bong sub Song, Dong Hwan Kim, Seung Youn Kim, Joong Bum Cho, Dong Ho Kim, Jun Ah Lee, Jung Sub Lim
Journal of Korean Society of Pediatric Endocrinology.2011; 16(2): 92. CrossRef

A Case Report of Symptomatic Salivary Gland Rest within the Pituitary Gland.: Tae Ho Kim, Tae Jin Park, Hae Jin Kim, Dae Jung Kim, Yoon Sok Chung, Kwan Woo Lee, Tae Hi Lee, Ho Sung Kim, Kyung Gi Cho; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2007;22(6):436-439. Published online December 1, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2007.22.6.436

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Although salivary gland tissues in the posterior pituitary are occasionally observed in microscopic examination at autopsy, these tissues are considered clinically silent. Only three examples of symptomatic salivary tissues in the pituitary have been previously reported. We report a case of symptomatic salivary gland rest within the pituitary gland. A 19-year-old woman complained of headache for 2 months, and dizziness, nausea, blurred vision for 1 week. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a 1.8 cm-sized mass in sella turcica with hyperintensity on T1-weighted images. Basal hormone levels and combined pituitary stimulation test were normal. The trans-sphenoidal approach of tumor removal was performed and a pathological examination confirmed salivary gland rest without any evidence of a pituitary adenoma. The symptoms had disappeared, except for post-operative diabetes insipidus.

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Symptomatic salivary gland choristoma of the pituitary gland
Pedro Iglesias, Cecilia Fernández-Mateos, Eva Tejerina
Endocrinología, Diabetes y Nutrición.2022; 69(7): 544. CrossRef
Symptomatic salivary gland choristoma of the pituitary gland
Pedro Iglesias, Cecilia Fernández-Mateos, Eva Tejerina
Endocrinología, Diabetes y Nutrición (English ed.).2022; 69(7): 544. CrossRef
Salivary gland tissues and derived primary and metastatic neoplasms: unusual pitfalls in the work-up of sellar lesions. A systematic review
T. Feola, F. Gianno, M. De Angelis, C. Colonnese, V. Esposito, F. Giangaspero, M.-L. Jaffrain-Rea
Journal of Endocrinological Investigation.2021; 44(10): 2103. CrossRef
Intrasellar Symptomatic Salivary Gland Rest with Inflammations
Yusuke Tanaka, Atsuhiko Kubo, Junichi Ayabe, Masahide Watanabe, Masahiro Maeda, Yukio Tsuura, Yoshihide Tanaka
World Neurosurgery.2015; 84(1): 189.e13. CrossRef
Intracranial Salivary Gland Choristoma within Optic Nerve Dural Sheath: Case Report and Review of the Literature
Eric B. Hintz, Gabrielle A. Yeaney, Glenn K. Buchberger, G. Edward Vates
World Neurosurgery.2014; 81(5-6): 842.e1. CrossRef

A Case of Resistance Syndrome to Thyroid Hormone Associated with Mutation (G345D) in the Thyroid Hormone Receptor Beta Gene.: Tae Jin Park, Joon Koo Kang, Kyoung Woo Seo, Hae Jin Kim, Yoon Sok Chung, Kwan Woo Lee, Seon Yong Jeong, Hyon Ju Kim, Dae Jung Kim; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2007;22(4):277-281. Published online August 1, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2007.22.4.277

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Resistance syndrome to thyroid hormone (RTH) is a rare autosomal dominant disease that is characterized by decreased tissue responsiveness to thyroid hormone, and it is mainly due to mutations of the thyroid hormone receptor beta (THRB) gene. We report here on a 36-years old male who had mild thyroid goiter and general weakness. The thyroid function test showed elevated levels of total T3 and free T4. The levels of TSH and the free alpha subunit were in normal ranges. Mutation analysis of the THRB gene revealed the missense mutation G345D. We report here on the clinical features and THRB gene mutation analysis of a case of RTH.

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A Case of Resistance to Thyroid Hormone with Thyroid Cancer
Hee Kyung Kim, Doi Kim, Eun Hyung Yoo, Ji In Lee, Hye Won Jang, Alice Hyun Kyung Tan, Kyu Yeon Hur, Jae Hyeon Kim, Kwang-Won Kim, Jae Hoon Chung, Sun Wook Kim
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2010; 25(9): 1368. CrossRef

A Case of Down's Syndrome with Thyrotoxic Crisis.: Jae Ho Jung, Sang Mi Ahn, Hyon J Kim, Hae Jin Kim, Dae Jung Kim, Kwan Woo Lee, Yoon Sok Chung; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2007;22(3):225-228. Published online June 1, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2007.22.3.225

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Abstract PDF: Patients with Down's syndrome have an increased prevalence of autoimmune disorders that affect both the endocrine and non-endocrine organs. The most common thyroid abnormality in Down's syndrome is subclinical hypothyroidism (12.5~32.5%). The occurrence of Down's syndrome in conjunction with hyperthyroidism is rare (0.6~2.5%). A 35-year old female was transferred to our hospital because of hypotension and mental change. She had suffered from a poor oral intake and general weakness for the previous 1 week. She had been admitted local hospital and was diagnosed as hyperthyroidism. On the third day after admission, she lost consciousness and was then transferred to University Hospital. Physical examination revealed hypotension (76/39 mmHg), sinus tachycardia (111/min) and tachypnea (28/min). The upward-outward slant of the palpebral fissures, epicanthal folds, low-set ears, short stature and clinodactyly were all identified. The thyroid gland was not enlarged and there was no evidence of ophthalmopathy. The serum free T4 concentration was 3.32 ng/dL, the T3 level was 212 ng/dL and the TSH level was 0.01 uIU/mL. She was positive for TBII. Abdominal computed tomography showed ascites and pneumoperitoneum. Primary closure was done on the duodenal ulcer perforation site. She was treated with transrectal propylthiouracil and intravenous esmolol. Chromosomal analysis revealed 47XX and 21 trisomy. She was finally diagnosed as Down's syndrome, Graves' disease and duodenal ulcer perforation. Her hyperthyroidism was controlled with PTU 100 mg after discharge.

The Endocrinological Characteristics of Rathke's Cleft Cyst: Pathologically Confirmed in Seven Cases.: Su Kyong Yu, Yun Kyung Kim, Hye Jin Kim, Dae Jung Kim, Yoon Sok Chung, Kwan Woo Lee, Se Hyuk Kim, Kyung Gi Cho; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2007;22(1):74-79. Published online February 1, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2007.22.1.74

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Rathke's cleft cyst is a cystic sellar or suprasellar lesion thought to originate from the remnants of Rathke's pouch. It is characteristically lined by a single layer of ciliated cuboidal or columnar epithelium. Although small asymptomatic Rathke's cleft cysts have been reported at autopsy in 2~26% of normal pituitary glands, symptomatic cysts are rare. For patients with symptomatic Rathke's cleft cysts presentation with headache, pituitary dysfunction, and visual loss caused by compression of the optic chiasm in the event of suprasellar extension, is common. We report the endocrine characteristics of seven cases of patients with symptomatic Rathke's cleft cyst diagnosed with pathologic confirmation.

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Risk factor for pituitary dysfunction in children and adolescents with Rathke's cleft cysts
Han Hyuk Lim, Sei Won Yang
Korean Journal of Pediatrics.2010; 53(7): 759. CrossRef

A Case of Familial Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 with MEN1 Gene Mutation.: Young Eun Jo, Yong Jun Choi, Yun Kyung Kim, Sang Mi Ahn, Sun Hye Jung, Hae Jin Kim, Dae Jung Kim, Kwan Woo Lee, Ji Hee Hong, Seon Yong Jeong, Hyon J Kim, Yoon Sok Chung; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2007;22(1):68-73. Published online February 1, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2007.22.1.68

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Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by the combined occurrence of parathyroid, pancreatic islet and pituitary gland tumors. It is caused by mutation of the MEN1, a tumor suppressor gene, with more than 400 different MEN1 mutations having been described. Herein is reported the case of a 26-year-old woman who had complained of personality and behavior changes, coupled with repetitive loss of consciousness. Her random plasma glucose and insulin were 68 mg/dL and 67.3 microIU/mL, respectively. Two pancreatic masses were noted on abdominal computed tomography, with hypercalcemia noted from a routine chemistry test. Her diagnosis was that of MEN1; therefore, her first-degree relatives were also screened. DNA analysis was also performed, from which a MEN1 gene mutation (738del4 -> new nomenclature: 628del4) was detected. Knowledge of the MEN1 mutation status could provide early recognition of a tumor.

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Genetic and Epigenetic Analysis in Korean Patients with Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1
Yoon Jung Chung, Sena Hwang, Jong Ju Jeong, Sun Yong Song, Se Hoon Kim, Yumie Rhee
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2014; 29(3): 270. CrossRef
Somatic Mutational Analysis of MEN1 and Phenotypic Correlation in Sporadic Parathyroid Tumors
Young Su Chae, Hee Jin Kim, Sun Wook Kim, Myung-Chul Chang
Journal of the Korean Surgical Society.2009; 76(1): 15. CrossRef

A Case of Familial Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia Coexisting with Low Bone Mass.: Sung Wan Chun, Se Hwa Kim, Jong Yul Jung, Won Na Suh, Ji Ae Moon, Jong In Yook, Yoon Sok Chung, Yumie Rhee, Eun Jig Lee, Sung Kil Lim; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2006;21(6):583-588. Published online December 1, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2006.21.6.583

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Abstract PDF: Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia is caused by heterozygous loss-of-function mutation of the calcium sensing receptor gene, and this is characterized by mild, persistently elevated levels of serum calcium without symptoms or complications. We present a case of clinically diagnosed familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia with unexpected low bone mass. A 19-year-old man presented with incidentally discovered hypercalcemia. He showed normal growth and sexual maturation. Biochemical studies showed hypercalcemia, increased parathyroid hormone, hypocalciuria, a decreased urinary calcium-creatinine ratio and decreased serum 25-hydroxy-vitamin D. The other hormonal studies were normal. Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry showed low bone mineral density, and the Sestamibi scan showed no abnormality in the parathyroid glands. Iliac bone biopsy showed a general decrease in bone density and increased porosity of the cortical bone. Normal mineralization was also shown, but in part, osteoid deposition was also found. Direct sequencing of the patient's calcium sensing receptor gene showed a point mutation at exon7, Q926R.

Evaluation and Treatment of Adult Growth Hormone Deficiency: An American Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline.: Sung Woon Kim, Yoon Sok Chung, Eun Jig Lee, Seong Yeon Kim; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2006;21(6):460-475. Published online December 1, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2006.21.6.460

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Reassessment of GH Status and GH Therapy in Adults with Childhood-onset GHD: Transitional Care from Adolescence to Adulthood
Jin-Ho Choi, Han-Wook Yoo
Journal of Korean Society of Pediatric Endocrinology.2011; 16(1): 1. CrossRef

Relationship between Diabetic Peripheral Vascular Disease and Ankle-Brachial Index.: Bo Ram Koh, Yun Kyung Kim, Sang Mi Ahn, Kyoung Eun Song, Sun Hye Jung, Hae Jin Kim, Dae Jung Kim, Yoon Sok Chung, Kwan Woo Lee; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2006;21(5):382-388. Published online October 1, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2006.21.5.382

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BACKGROUND
Peripheral vascular disease (PVD) is a primary risk factor of foot amputation. In patients with diabetes mellitus (DM), the frequency of PVD is twice that of the general population. The ankle-brachial index (ABI) is a valuable diagnostic test for PVD. In this study, we investigated the relationship between the ABI and PVD, as well as the cutoff value of ABI in the diagnosis of PVD, and analyzed whether the ABI can be used as a predictor for amputation. METHODS: Fifty-two type 2 DM patients (31 males, 21 females) underwent peripheral angiography. PVD was defined as the complete obstruction of arteries and/or significant luminal narrowing, with collateral vessels formation, using peripheral angiography. The ABI was calculated by measurement of the segmental pressure using the Doppler method. RESULTS: Significant differences were observed between PVD and non-PVD patients in terms of age, systolic pressure and total cholesterol (each P < 0.05). The ABI was significantly lower in legs with PVD (P < 0.01) and an ABI less than 0.90 was adequate for diagnosing PVD. The risk of amputation was significantly increased in relation to the ABI level, and the risk of amputation was 21.5 times greater in a leg with an ABI less than 0.40 compared to 0.90 (P = 0.021). CONCLUSION: ABI is a good diagnostic test for PVD and a good predictor of the need for amputation.

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The Relationship between Body Mass Index and Diabetic Foot Ulcer, Sensory, Blood Circulation of Foot on Type II Diabetes Mellitus Patients
Yi Kyu Park, Jun Young Lee, Sung Jung, Kang Hyeon Ryu
Journal of the Korean Orthopaedic Association.2018; 53(2): 136. CrossRef
The Relationship Between the Metabolic Syndrome and Systolic Inter-Arm Systolic Blood Pressure Difference in Korean Adults
Hyun Yoon, Seong Woo Choi, Jong Park, So Yeon Ryu, Mi Ah Han, Gwang Seok Kim, Sung Gil Kim, Hye Jong Oh, Cheol Won Choi
Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders.2015; 13(8): 329. CrossRef

Relationship between Childhood and Adolescent Obesity and Remnant Lipoprotein.: Yong Jun Choi, Young Eun Jo, Yun Kyung Kim, Sang Mi Ahn, Seung Hee Baik, Sun Hye Jung, Hae Jin Kim, Yoon Sok Chung, Kwan Woo Lee, Dae Jung Kim; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2006;21(4):311-318. Published online August 1, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2006.21.4.311

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BACKGROUND
Remnant lipoproteins are the lipolytic degradation product of the triglyceride-rich lipoproteins produced by the liver (very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol) and intestine (chylomicrons). Recent studies have demonstrated a correlation between remnant lipoproteins and cardiovascular risk. Our study assessed the relationship between obesity and remnant lipoproteins and evaluated the factors related to remnant lipoprotein in children and adolescents. METHODS: Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, body fat mass, total abdominal fat, visceral and subcutaneous fat areas, total cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), LDL cholesterol (LDL-C), HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) and remnant lipoprotein cholesterol (RLP-C) were measured in 135 children and adolescents (67 boys and 68 girls). Plasma RLP fractions were isolated using an immunoaffinity gel containing specific anti-apoB-100 and anti-apoA-I antibodies. The subjects were divided into three groups: the low (< 50 percentile), mid (50~84 percentile), and high (> or = 85 percentile) BMI groups. RESULTS: RLP-C was significantly correlated with age, sex, BMI, waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, visceral and subcutaneous fat areas, visceral fat area to subcutaneous fat area ratio (VSR), total cholesterol, TG, HDL-C, apoB, and HOMA-IR. From a multivariate regression analysis, TG (beta = 0.928, P < 0.001) was found to be independently correlated with RLP-C. After excluding TG as an independent variable, a multivariate regression analysis revealed that the HOMA-IR (beta=0.231, P=0.007) and systolic blood pressure (beta=0.169, P=0.046) were independently associated with RLP-C. CONCLUSION: RLP-C was significantly higher in obese children and adolescents. TG, systolic blood pressure, and insulin resistance were related to remnant lipoproteins.

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Epidemiology of Childhood Obesity in Korea
Kyoung Hwa Ha, Dae Jung Kim
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2016; 31(4): 510. CrossRef

Growth Hormone Treatment in Prader-Willi Syndrome.: Ji Eun Park, Seung Won Lee, Kyoung Eun Song, Hyoung Suk Lee, Dae Jung Kim, Yoon Sok Chung, Kwan Woo Lee, Hyon Joo Kim; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2006;21(1):40-46. Published online February 1, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2006.21.1.40

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BACKGROUND
Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a congenital disorder, which is clinically characterized by a short stature, muscular hypotonia, hypogonadism, mental retardation and hyperphagia, leading to early childhood obesity. Impaired growth hormone (GH) secretion, hypogonadism, and obesity are common in patients with PWS. The purpose of this study was to find the effects of growth hormone treatment in patients with PWS. METHODS: Six patients with PWS confirmed by a genetic study were recruited, and treated with growth hormone(Eutropin(R))(0.8-1 IU/kg/week) divided into five or seven day doses per week for six months. The heights and weights of the subjects were evaluated. GH status were evaluated using the serum insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I level, the L-dopa test, and insulin-induced hypoglycemia tess. Glucose metabolism was evaluated using the random serum glucose and HbA1c levels. RESULTS: GH was found to be deficient in 2 out of 6 subjects by the insulin test, in 3 out of 6 by the IGF-I level, and in 5 out of in 5 by the L-dopa test. After six months of GH treatment, the height percentile was increased and weight percentile decreased. The serum glucose and HbA1c levels remained unchanged. CONCLUSION: Six months of GH treatment in patients with PWS improved the height and degree of obesity. This study has shown the beneficial effects of GH treatment for patients with PWS, and without significant side effects.

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Effects and adverse-effects of growth hormone therapy in children with Prader-Willi syndrome: A two year study
Su Jin Kim, Joong Bum Cho, Min Jung Kwak, Eun Kyung Kwon, Kyung Hoon Paik, Dong-Kyu Jin
Korean Journal of Pediatrics.2008; 51(7): 742. CrossRef
Phenotype-genotype correlations and the efficacy of growth hormone treatment in Korean children with Prader-Willi syndrome
Keun Wook Bae, Jung Min Ko, Han-Wook Yoo
Korean Journal of Pediatrics.2008; 51(3): 315. CrossRef

A Case Report of von Hippel-Lindau Disease Manifested in a Monozygous Twin.: Jin Woo Kim, Sang Jo Choi, Yeon Kyeong Kim, Sang Mi Ahn, Kyoung Eun Song, Sun Hye Jung, Dae Jung Kim, Yoon Sok Chung, Kwan Woo Lee, Il Jin Kim, Hio Chung Kang, Jae Gahb Park; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2005;20(4):395-400. Published online August 1, 2005; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2005.20.4.395

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Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease is an autosomal dominant disease, which forms hypervascular tumors in multiple organs, such as hemangioblastomas in the retina and central nervous system, renal cell carcinomas, pheochromocytomas and cysts in various organs. Recent advances in gene testing have made it possible to screen family members for VHL disease. We experienced a 28 year-old male, who was diagnosed with bilateral pheochromocytomas through a family screening test when his elder monozygous twin brother was diagnosed with a pheochromocytoma. He received no treatment until December, 2004, when he visited the Emergency room due to a headache. A hemangioma of the cerebellum was seen in the brain MR study, leading to the diagnosis of type 2A VHL disease. An abdominal CT scan revealed no lesions of the pancreas or kidney. There was no evidence of a hemangioma in the retinal scan. The subsequent gene testing showed a germline mutation in exon 3 codon 167 of the VHL gene. The mother of the patient was revealed to have the same mutation of the VHL gene, but the elder brother of the patient did not.

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Germline mutation of Glu70Lys is highly frequent in Korean patients with von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) disease
Sena Hwang, Cheol Ryong Ku, Ji In Lee, Kyu Yeon Hur, Myung-Shik Lee, Chul-Ho Lee, Kyo Yeon Koo, Jin-Sung Lee, Yumie Rhee
Journal of Human Genetics.2014; 59(9): 488. CrossRef
A Case of Type 1 von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) Disease associated with VHL Germline Mutation
Jeong Hoon Seo, Jae Hong Yang, Pyoung Lak Choi, Yu Lee Kim, Young Sik Choi, Yo Han Park, Ji Ho Ko, Hio Chung Kang, IL Jin Kim, Jae Gahb Park
Journal of Korean Endocrine Society.2006; 21(3): 239. CrossRef

A Case of Familial Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma with a E768D Mutation in RET Proto-Oncogene.: Yeon Kyeong Kim, Jin Woo Kim, Sang Mi Ahn, Kyoung Eun Song, Sun Hye Jung, Dae Jung Kim, Yoon Sok Chung, Kwan Woo Lee, Chul Ho Kim, Ji Hee Hong, Seon Yong Jeong, Hyon Ju Kim; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2005;20(4):375-380. Published online August 1, 2005; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2005.20.4.375

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A medullary thyroid carcinoma, a neoplasm of parafollicular C cell origin, occurs as a sporadic or hereditary disease. A hereditary medullary thyroid carcinoma is an autosomal dominantly inherited disease, which is composed of multiple endocrine neoplasia 2A and 2B, with a familial medullary thyroid carcinoma. Germline mutations of the RET gene are the underlying cause of the majority of hereditary medullary carcinomas. Here, the case of a 42 years-old man with a familial medullary thyroid carcinoma, confirmed by the detection of a RET proto-oncogene mutation at exon 13 on codon 768 from a GAG(Glu) to a GAT(Asp), is described. The patient underwent a total thyroidectomy and modified radical neck dissection. His sister was found to have the same mutant gene.

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A Case of Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma with de novo V804M RET Germline Mutation
Young Sik Choi, Hye Jung Kwon, Bu Kyung Kim, Su Kyoung Kwon, Yo Han Park, Jeong Hoon Kim, Sang Bong Jung, Chang Hoon Lee, Seong Keun Lee, Shinya Uchino
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2013; 28(1): 156. CrossRef
A Family of Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2A with a C634R Mutation and a G691S Polymorphism in RET Proto-oncogene
Seoung Wook Yun, Won Sang Yoo, Koo Hyun Hong, Bae Hwan Kim, Min Ho Kang, Young Kwang Choo, Hee Yoon Park, Do Hee Kim, Hyun-Kyung Chung, Myung-Chul Chang, Mi Seon Kwon, Hee Jin Kim
Journal of Korean Endocrine Society.2007; 22(6): 453. CrossRef

The Effect of Treatment Modalities on Survival Rates of Patients with Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma.: Jae Myoung Choi, Mi Jeong Kim, Seung Won Lee, Kyoung Eun Song, Yoon Sok Chung, Kwan Woo Lee, Dae Jung Kim, Sung Hee Choi, So Hun Kim, Min Ho Cho, Yumie Rhee, Chul Woo Ahn, Sung Kil Lim, Kyung Rae Kim; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2005;20(2):127-133. Published online April 1, 2005; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2005.20.2.127

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BACKGROUND
Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma represents 2% to 5% of all thyroid cancers and it is one of the most aggressive human cancers. Local extension at the time of diagnosis and distant metastases are almost always the rule. Its lethality is evidenced by a 5-year survival rate of 3.6% and a median survival time of 4 months. We retrospectively reviewed patients with this disease at 4 tertiary referral centers. METHODS: From 1990 to 2003, 19 cases(9 men and 10 women, mean age: 65.1+/-7.1 years) of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma were reviewed via the medical records. The overall survival rates according to the prognostic factors and the treatment modalities were analyzed. RESULTS: The presenting symptoms included rapidly enlarged neck masses in 16 patients, shortness of breath in 3 patients, hoarseness in 4 patients, dysphagia in 2 patients and chest wall pain in 1 patient. The mean diameter of tumor was 7.2cm. Local extension was seen in all of the cases that had undergone surgery. Distant metastases(lung 6, bone 2, abdominal carcinomatosis 2, brain 1 and mediastinum 1) were seen in 9 patients. Surgical treatment was performed in 10 patients. Radiotherapy was performed in 9 patients and chemotherapy was done in 5 patients; radiotherapy was performed alone in 2 patients, combination chemo-radiotherapy was performed in 3 patients, postoperative radiotherapy was performed in 2 patients and postoperative combination chemo-radiotherapy was performed in 2 patients. 4 patients were treated cons ervatively after the confirmative diagnosis. The overall median survival time was 123 days(range: 23~621 days); the median survival time was 129 days in the treatment group(n=15), and 27 days in the no treatment group (n=4), and significantly higher survival rates were observed for the treated patients(p=0.02). According to the treatment modalities, patients who underwent surgical treatment and postoperative radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy were observed to have significantly higher survival rates than patients in the radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy group(p=0.03), and also than those patients in the surgical treatment only group(p=0.04). CONCLUSION: We found that aggressive surgical treatment and postoperative radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy improved the survival rates of patients with anaplastic thyroid carcinoma even though local invasion and distant metastases was generally observed to occur

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Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma: Experience of a Single Institute
Dongbin Ahn, Jin Ho Sohn
Korean Journal of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery.2012; 55(1): 37. CrossRef

Effects of Pamidronate Treatment on Osteogenesis Imperfecta.: Seung Won Lee, Hyon J Kim, Jae Hyun Cho, Hyoung Suk Lee, Youn Mu Jung, Dae Jung Kim, Kwan Woo Lee, Yoon Sok Chung; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2004;19(5):485-491. Published online October 1, 2004

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a congenital disorder of type I collagen, with variable phenotypes, due to increased bone fragility and low bone mass. Previous pharmacological treatments for OI have been attempted with calcitonin and growth hormone but with little beneficial effects. Recently, Glorieux reported the beneficial effects of bisphosphonates in OI. METHODS: In this study, the effects of pamidronate treatment were evaluated in 9 patients with OI. All patients received intravenous pamidronate infusions, which was dose adjusted according to the patients' age. The outcome measures included the biochemical bone markers; serum alkaline phosphatase, urine deoxy-pyridinoline, urine Ca/Cr ratio, and bone mineral density (BMD). RESULTS: Serum alkaline phosphatase, urine deoxypyridinoline, and urine Ca/Cr ratio were slightly decreased after 1 year of therapy, although these changes were not statistically significant. The BMDs of the lumbar spine and proximal femur were significantly increased after 1-year of pamidronate treatment. No fractures were reported during the 1 year treatment periods. CONCLUSION: Pamidronate treatment had an effect on the BMD in osteogenesis imperfecta, probably due to decreasing bone resorption

A Case of Myxedema Coma with Severe Hypoventilation.: Jin Young Shim, Seung Won Lee, Hyun Woo Lee, Joon Hyuck Choi, Young Jun Song, Hyoung Suk Lee, Yoon Sok Chung, Kwan Woo Lee; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2004;19(2):203-208. Published online April 1, 2004

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Abstract PDF: A myxedema coma, representing the extreme feature of hypothyroidism is rare. Despite early vigorous treatment, a myxedema coma is associated with a mortality rate as high as 60%. Herein, a case of a myxedema coma, with severe hypoventilation, is described. When the patient arrived at the emergency room, she complained of dyspnea and general weakness, and was of a drowsy mental status. 7 days after admission, she was more confused and disoriented, and respiratory insufficiency had developed. Although levothyroxine was continued and her respiration improved, she still had a confused mentality and seizure developed. Despite medication her consciousness did not improve, so was discharged in despair by her family members. The respiratory abnormality with a myxedema coma is a depressed ventilatory response to hypercapnea, resulting in a decrease in alveolar ventilation, with progressive CO2 retention. An upper airway obstruction, especially during sleep, and neuromuscular dysfunction in breathing may be shown in hypothyroidism. Therefore, a myxedema coma, accompanied by severe hypoventilation, should be intensively treated with thyroid hormone replacement therapy and mechanical ventilatory support

Clinical Characteristics of 10 Cases of Korean Osteogenesis Imperfecta.: Hyoung Suk Lee, Hyon J Kim, Jae Hyun Cho, Seong Won Lee, Hyun A Kim, Joon Hyuck Choi, Young Jun Song, Dae Jung Kim, Kwan Woo Lee, Yoon Sok Chung; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2003;18(5):496-503. Published online October 1, 2003

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Abstract PDF: Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI) is a relatively rare hereditary disease, which is characterized by multiple bone fractures and spine scoliosis, due to the fragility of bone, and is often associated with blue sclerae, deafness and dentinogenesis imperfecta. Four types of OI can be distinguished, according to the clinical findings. Although mutations affecting type I collagen are responsible for the disease in most patients, the mechanism by which the genetic defects cause abnormal bone development remains to be fully understood. Here, the clinical characteristics of 10 OI patient cases are reported, with a review of the literature. All the cases, including 4 type I, 4 type III and 2 type IV, inherited OI as an autosomal dominant trait. All the subjects had multiple old fractures and decreased bone densities. In this study, the biochemical marker of bone formation, serum alkaline phosphatase, was found to be increased only in the pediatric OI patients, while the biochemical marker of bone resorption, urinary deoxypyridinoline, was increased in all cases. The mobility score was found to correlate with the severity of the type on diagnosis.

Relationship with Serum Adiponectin Concentrations and Obesity in Korean Children.: Hyoun Ah Kim, Hyoung Suk Lee, Chul Sik Kim, Chul Woo Ahn, Yoon Sok Chung, Kwan Woo Lee, Kap Bum Huh, Dae Jung Kim; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2003;18(5):473-480. Published online October 1, 2003

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Adiponectin is an adipocytokine that is highly specific to adipose tissue. In contrast to other adipocytokine, the adiponectin levels are decreased in obesity and/or type 2 diabetes. There are few studies regarding the correlation between the adiponectin concentration and obesity in children. Thus, whether the serum adiponectin concentrations are associated with adiposity in children was investigated. METHODS: One hundred and sixty four subjects were selected from the participants in an ongoing study on the relationship between birth weight and insulin resistance in children. The current weights, heights, body fat percentages, waist circumferences, blood pressures, lipid profiles and insulin resistance, by the HOMA method, were measured in all the subjects. The serum adiponectin concentrations were determined by a validated sandwich ELISA, using a human adiponectin-specific antibody. RESULTS: The serum adiponectin concentration was negatively correlated with the body mass index, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, insulin resistance by HOMA and serum triglycerides, and positively correlated with the serum HDL cholesterol level. The serum adiponectin concentrations in the boys were significantly lower than in the girls. In a multiple regression analysis, the serum adiponectin concentration was strongly associated with waist circumference and gender. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that there was an inverse relationship between the serum adiponectin concentration and abdominal adiposity in children. However, further studies on independent gender differences on adiponectin are needed.

The Effect of Intensive Education on Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetic Patients.: Youn Wook Lee, Won Sun Hwang, Sun Jung Choe, Dong Hun Lee, Doh Hyun Kim, Eun Hee Lee, Eun Gyoung Hong, Hye Lim Noh, Yoon Sok Chung, Kwan Woo Lee, Hyeon Man Kim; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2003;18(1):63-72. Published online February 1, 2003

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
To this date, efforts to develop effective methods for the education of diabetic patients have been limited. The important goal of self-management and weight control for diabetic treatment can not be attained without long and intensive period of education. This study was undertaken to assess the effectiveness of an intensive educational program, of behavior and diet control, which was carried out on subjects with type 2 diabetes, on an out-patient basis. We compared the effectiveness of an intensive education programme with that of a conventional education programme for the self-management of type 2 diabetic patients. METHODS: Subjects with type 2 diabetes were randomly selected, and allocated to one of two groups. One group received a conventional education programme of self-management(the CE group), and the second group received an intensive education programmes for three months, after which the effectiveness of the programmes were evaluated. RESULTS: 1) The levels of fasting blood sugar(FBS), postprandial 2 hour blood sugar(PP2h) and HbA1c were significantly lowered in both groups following the intervention(p<0.05). In the IE group, the FBS declined from 12.4nmol/L to 7.7nmol/L, PP2h declined from 20.3nmol/L to 10.9nmol/L, and the HbA1c showed a similar decline from 9.4 to 7.0% after intervention(p<0.05). In the CE group, the FBS declined from 10.9 to 9.4nmol/l, the PP2h decreased from 17.1 to 14.6 nmol/l, and the HbA1c also decreased from 8.5 to 7.3% after intervention(p<0.05). The decrease in the FBS and HbA1c following the educational intervention was more pronounced in the IE group than the CE group (p<0.05). 2) The effectiveness of the education programmes in promoting appropriate dietary behavior in the diabetic subjects was assessed by a scoring system in three parts: a regularity score, a balance score and an attitude score. From a comparative study of the three scores, the patients attitudes were observed to be much improved in both the groups following the intervention compared to before the programmes, but the balance and total scores were significantly higher in the IE group than the CE group(p<0.05). CONCLUSION: We can conclude that the intensive diabetic education programme is more effective than a conventional programme, not only in improving the patients' levels of glucose, HbAlc, and dietary score, but also the diabetic patients self-control abilities, promoting behavioral change, and prompting problem solving capabilities in respect to the everyday problems that they have to face throughout their lives.

The Effects of Alendronate in Bone Metabolism of Primary Osteoporosis.: Hyo Jeong Kim, Jee Won Park, Soo Jin Kim, Kwan Woo Lee, Hyeon Man Kim, Yoon Sok Chung; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2003;18(1):56-62. Published online February 1, 2003

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
To evaluate the effects of alendronate in preventing bone loss at the spine and hip in Korean cases of primary osteoporosis, we treated 138 patients with 10 mg of alendronate daily. Of the 138 patients treated, 50 were treated for one complete year, and at their final visit, measurements were taken to assess the completed outcome of the reatment, and the results from this small group were compared with those of the rest. The way this has been written causes ambiguity concerning exactly who was being studied. Check that my rewrite of this section conveys correctly the group that was studied, and how. METHODS: The serum levels of calcium(Ca) and phosphorous(P), total alkaline phosphatase(ALP), the urine calcium creatinine ratio(Uca/cr) and urine deoxypyridinoline(DPD) were measured before, during, and after the 1 year treatment period. The bone mineral densities(BMDs) at the spine and hip were also measured before and after the treatment period. New clinical fractures and side effects, were evaluated during the treatment period. RESULTS: The total serum ALP and urine DPD were decreased significantly, after the treatment period, by 38.3 and 40.5% respectively. The bone mineral density at the spine and hip were significantly increased after 1 year, by 6.7 and 2.0%, respectively. Of the 50 subjects who had completed a full year of treatment, only 4(8%) had developed new clinical fractures. Of the 138 patients who had been treated, 8(5.8%) discontinued the medication due to side effects. Of these, 7 had gastrointestinal symptoms, and 1 had skin eruption. CONCLUSION: Alendronate significantly decreased the total serum ALP and urine DPD and significantly increased spine and hip bone mineral density. Alendronate 10mg was effective in preventing bone loss in Korean cases of primary osteoporosis.

Adequate Duration of Medical Therapy for Koreans with Graves' Disease.: Hyoung Suk Lee, Dong Hun Lee, Hee Sun Chung, Jong Woo Lee, Jung Eun Kim, Seung Soo Shin, Yoon Sok Chung, Kwan Woo Lee, Hyeon Man Kim; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2003;18(1):24-31. Published online February 1, 2003

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Graves' disease is an organ specific autoimmune disease. Three kinds of therapeutic modalities(antithyroid drugs, ablation with radioactive iodine and subtotal thyroidectomy) are frequently performed for the management of this disease. The most popular therapeutic policy for the disease in Korea is antithyroid treatment. We analysed and compared the remission rates of all three modalities for Graves' disease, and evaluated the antithyroid modality to determine the correct duration of treatment. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The medical records of 205 patients with Graves' disease were reviewed. For the evaluation of the antithyroid modality medical treatment, antithyroid drugs were administered for more than 1 year. The prognostic factors associated with remission were analysed by means of an ROC curve. RESULTS: 1) Of the 205 patients, proportions that received medical therapy, subtotal thyroidectomy and radioiodine therapy were 83.0, 14.1 and 2.9%, respectively. 2) The remission rates of the medical therapy, surgery and radioiodine therapy were 60.0, 96.5 and 83.0%, respectively. 3) The remission rate of the medical therapy was associated with the duration of medication and TBII activity. The determined proper duration for the antithyroid treatment was 26 months from the ROC curve analysis. CONCLUSION: The above results suggest that the proper duration of antithyroid treatment for Graves' disease is 26 months, after which time the subtotal thyroidectomy or radioiodine therapy should be considered if the disease has not remitted.

Role of Wnts, LRPs, and sFRPs in Bone.: Yoon Sok Chung; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2003;18(1):1-4. Published online February 1, 2003

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Abstract PDF: No abstract available.

Impaired Metabolic Signal Transduction Networks in Isolated Skeletal Muscle in Korean type 2 Diabetic Patients.: Joon Hyuck Choi, Kwan Woo Lee, Hyo Jeong Kim, Dong Hun Lee, Jong Woo Lee, Jung Eun Kim, Hyun Chae Yim, Kyung Mi Kim, Sung Yi Choi, Yoon Sok Chung, Hyeon Man Kim; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2002;17(5):685-697. Published online October 1, 2002

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
The glucose uptake rate is the limiting step in glucose utilization and storage. The failure of insulin to stimulate glucose uptake in muscle appears to be a primary defect of insulin resistance. This study was undertaken to examine the effect of physiological hyperinsulinemia on the phosphorylation of the insulin receptor (IR-beta), insulin receptor substrate (IRS), Akt kinase and GSK-3 in isolated skeletal muscle, in people with type 2 diabetes (n=9) and control subjects (n=11). METHODS: 75g OGTT and euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp test were done. And vastus lateralis muscle was obtained before and 30 min into the euglycemic clamp. Western blots were performed for tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate (IRS) and phosphorylation of the insulin receptor(IR-beta), Akt and GSK-3. RESULT: There were no statistical differences in the mean age, BMI and body fat between the control subjects and diabetic patients. The fasting blood sugar and HbA1c in controls and diabetic patients were 98.+/-1.3 and 208.1+/-16.5 ng/dl, and 5.4+/-0.5 and 9.2+/-0.6%, and 1.4+/-0.2 in the control subjects, and 72.2+/-52.3% (p<0.01) and 10.2+/-6.3 (p<0.01) in the diabetic patients, respectively. The insulin resistance from the euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp tests were 8.2+/-0.6 mg/kg/min and 3.7+/-1.1 ng/kg/min in the control subjects and in the diabetic patients, respectively (p<0.01). Compared with the normal controls, insulin-stimulated IR phosphorylation was no different to that in the diabetic patients. However, insulin-stimulated IRS phosphorylation, insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation and insulin-stimulated GSK-3 phosphorylation were reduced in the diabetic patients compared with the normal controls by 24, 43 and 25%, respectively (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: In korean type 2 diabetic patients, the insulin resistance may be due to the impairment of the upstream insulin signal molecular network. Further studies will focus on determining whether these signaling defects are the cause of the development of insulin resistance, or secondary to the altered metabolic state, associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus

A Case with Thyroid Tuberculosis Diagnosed by Non-operative Method.: Dong Hun Lee, Hee Sun Chung, Hyoung Suk Lee, Mee Jung Kim, Jung Eun Kim, Yoon Sok Chung, Kwan Woo Lee, Hyeon Man Kim; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2002;17(4):572-575. Published online August 1, 2002

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Abstract PDF: Tuberculosis of the thyroid gland is extremely rare, with a few surgically removed cases having been reported. The differential diagnosis, from malignancies and other non tuberculous granulomatous lesions, is impossible clinical grounds. We experienced a case of tuberculosis of the thyroid gland with palpable thyroid nodules, in a 23 year-old female patient. She was clinical and biochemically euthyroid. US and CT scans demonstrated a low density mass in the left low lobe of the thyroid gland. An FNAB showed caseous necrosis, and AFB stains demonstrated tuberculosis bacilli. We report a case of tuberculosis of the thyroid gland, diagnosed by a non-operative method.

Korean Adult Growth Hormone Deficiency Treatment Registry.: Sung Woon Kim, Seong Yeon Kim, Su Youn Nam, Yoon Sok Chung, Jae Hoon Chung, In Kyung Jung, Jong Ryeal Hahm, Minho Shong, Dong Sun Kim, Seong Keun Lee, Sung Dae Moon, Hyun Koo Yoon, Doo Man Kim, Sang Woo Kim, Hye Kyung Park; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2002;17(1):43-47. Published online February 1, 2002

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Adult growth hormone (GH) deficiency is related with decreased lean body mass, increased body fat, and poor quality of life. In western countries, adult GH deficiency treatment registriesy provide a database of the effects and safety of GH deficiency treatment. The Korean Adult Growth Hormone Study Group of the Korean Society of Endocrinology register adult GH deficiency since 1996. METHEODS: Subjects were aged over 15 years, had organic hypothalamo-pituitary disease, and GH deficiency as documented by GH stimulation test or serum insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) level. The underlying etiology for GH deficiency, serum IGF-I level, starting and maintenance dose, and adult GH deficiency assessment (AGHDA) score were investigated. RESULTS: From January 1996 to May 2001. 115 patients were enrolled. Mean age was 43.7 13.8 years and 60% were female. Thirteen medical institutions were involved in the registry. The most common underlying diseases were Sheehan's syndrome and pituitary adenomas. GH starting dose was from 0.4 to 1.0 units. Maintenance dose was between 0.5 and 1.2 units. Serum IGF-I levels were increased after GH treatment (0-week, 93.7 69.7 ng/mL; 2-weeks, 184.9 89.0 ng/mL; 6-weeks, 188.4 94.8 ng/mL; 10-weeks, 207.6 111.1 ng/mL; 6 months, 281.9 95.5 ng/mL). AGHDA scores slightly improved from 10.25 6.70 to 8.58 5.47 after 6 months of GH deficiency treatment. CONCLUSION: The GH Treatment Registry will be beneficial in monitoring the effects of GH deficiency treatment on Korean adult GH deficient subjects

Cyclic Pamidronate Infusion in Primary Osteoporotic Women.: Bong Nam Chae, Eun Gyoung Hong, Seone Kyu Lee, Yoon Sok Chung, Kwan Wook Lee, Hyeon Man Kim; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2001;16(2):221-230. Published online April 1, 2001

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Bisphosphonates are now well established as successful antiresorptive agents for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. We investigated the effect of cyclic intravenous treatment with an aminobisphosphonate, pamidronate in cases of primary osteoporosis. METHODS: Eighteen patients with primary osteoporosis (bone mineral density BMD t-score < -2.5) received four courses of pamidronate (30 mg with 500 mL normal saline over 2 hours every 3 months). The serum biochemical parameters and bone turnover markers were measured before each treatment. The bone pain score, medication score, and the side effects were also monitored. BMD and simple spine X-ray were performed before and 1 year after of treatment. RESULTS: BMD at the lumbar spine (L2-4) significantly increased from 0.798+/-0.110 g/cm2 to 0.860+/-0.107 g/cm2 after 1 year of treatment with pamidronate: by +8.3+/-9.4% of baseline. BMDs at the femoral neck, Ward s triangle and the trochanter also increased, but not significantly. Serum total alkaline phosphatase (p<0.05) and urine deoxypyridinoline/creatinine (p=0.069) decreased with treatment. Other bone turnover markers were unchanged. The bone pain score decreased significantly. None of the patients experienced a new fracture during treatment. The frequency of the side effects following the first infusion was 61.1% (a transient fever and myalgia with flu-like symptoms in 10 patients and mild phlebitis in 1 patient). However, only two patients complained of flu-like symptoms after second infusion, and no patient complained following the third infusion. CONCLUSION: Cyclic intravenous treatment of pamidronate every three months was effective in increasing BMD and in the decreasing bone turnover rate, and was relatively well tolerated in primary osteoporotic women.

A Case of Synchronized Pineal and Suprasellar Germinoma.: Jae Wook Chung, Jin Ho Lee, Soo Jin Lee, Chang Young Ha, Jong Soo Kim, Yoon Sok Chung, Kwan Woo Lee, Hyeon Man Kim; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2000;15(4-5):591-594. Published online January 1, 2001

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Abstract PDF: Pineal germinomas are the most common intracranial germ cell tumor and occur in relatively young age, with 26% between 10 and 12, 65% between 10 and 21 and 95% before age 27. Patients with pineal germinoma present headache, lethargy, nausea, and vomiting which result from raised intracranial pressure and Parinaud's syndrome secondary to midbrain tectal compression, and rarely endocrine dysfunction such as diabetes insipidus (DI), panhypopituitarism, and precocious puberty. We experienced a case of pineal and suprasellar germinoma presenting with central diabetes insipidus and panhypopituitarism.

The Clinical Utility of HBME - 1 Immunostaining in the Diagnosis of Follicular Carcinoma of Thyroid.: Young Goo Shin, Kyi Bum Lee, Yoon Sok Chung, Hyeon Man Kim; J Korean Endocr Soc. 2000;15(4-5):513-521. Published online January 1, 2001

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Currently, in follicular lesion of aspirates of thyroid, pathologic evaluation of surgical specimen is the only diagnostic method whether the patient had follicular thyroid malignancy or not. The aim of this study is the evaluation of the clinical utility of HBME-1 immunostaining in the diagnosis of follicular thyroid malignancy in surgical specimen, and to establish the diagnostic guideline of HBME-1 immunostaining. METHODS: From 1994 to Sep. 1999, the 72 paraffin embedded tissue, which was already diagnosed as thyroid follicular carcinoma or adenoma through the pathologic evaluation of surgical specimen, were studied. Among 72 specimens, the 29 follicular carcinoma were included, and the others were follicular adenoma. The specimens were stained with HBME-1 monoclonal antibody by standard avidin-biotin peroxidase complex methods. One limited pathologist had read the findings of the immunostaining with a basis such as percent of tumor area. These percentage were divided to 4 grade as follows: 1) Grade 0: negative stained, 2) Grade 1: stained area < 30%, 3) Grade 2: 30 < or = stained area < 60%, and 4) Grade 3: stained area > or = 60%. After we had set a basis of follicular carcinoma as more than Grade 2, defined the clinical utility of HBME-1 immunostaining. The clinical utility was based that the concordance rate between pathologic diagnosis and the findings of immunostaining was more than 80% in both groups. RESULTS: 1) There was significant difference between two groups in intensity of cellular staining (p=0.04, x2). But, there might not be helpful to rule out follicular carcinoma of thyroid from adenoma in fine-needle aspirates. 2) In both groups, the percent of stained area of tumor was very diverse from 0% to 100%, and was statistically significant different (p=0.007). 3) Because the only 5 cases of normal tissue in both groups were stained weakly, the HBME-1 immunostaining was like to specific reaction with tumor tissue in both groups. 4) When we had set a basis of follicular thyroid carcinoma as more than Grade 2 (> or = 30%), the concordance rate between pathologic diagnosis and the findings of immuno- staining was 69.7% in follicular adenoma, 65.5% in follicular carcinoma, respectively. CONCLUSION: The HBME-1 immunostaining may not be help to differentiate follicular carcinoma from adenoma.

A Case of Type Ia Glycogen Storage Disease.: Young II Choi, Young In Choi, Jee Won Park, Yoon Sok Chung, Hyon Ju Kim; J Korean Endocr Soc. 1999;14(4):786-792. Published online January 1, 2001

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Abstract PDF: Glycogen storage diseases are inherited disorders of carbohydrate metabolism caused by a deficiency of enzymes that are involved in degradation of glycogen in the liver. The accumulation of glycogen occurs in the liver and other organs. Type Ia is the most common form and clinically may manifest of glycogen storage disease itself rather than growth hormone deficiency. But in this case the patient showed exceptional extreme growth retardation. Growth hormone stimulation test with clonidine and L-dopa revealed that the patient had growth hormone deficiency. Therefore, we report of a case of glycogen storage disease type Ia with the presence of GH deficiency with review of literature. A 16-year-old male was admitted for the evaluation of hepatomegaly and extreme short stature. The height was 113.5cm, less than third percentile of same age group, and compatible with fiftieth percentile of height of 6 years of age. After laboratory work up including liver biopsy, he was diagnosed with type I glycogen storage disease. The patient was presented with metabolic acidosis, hyperuricemia, and hypoglycemia. Hypoglycemia was managed with frequent feeding with high starch diet and intravenous glucose infusion. Metabolic acidosis was treated with sodium bicarbonate. Secondary hyperuricemia was treated with allopurinol. The patient is being followed at out-patient clinic with clinical improvement after of GH administration.

A Case of Acromegaly First Diagnosed in Pregnancy.: Jinny Suh, Hyun Kyung Cho, Yoon Jung Kim, Eun Gyoung Hong, Bong Nam Chae, Seong Kyu Lee, Yoon Sok Chung, Kwan Woo Lee, Kyung Joo Hwang, Hyeon Man Kim; J Korean Endocr Soc. 1999;14(1):148-152. Published online January 1, 2001

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Abstract PDF: Pregnancy in acromegaly is very rare. Amenorrhea and infertility are common manifestations in acromegaly. The pregnancy may be influenced by acromegaly in many ways and pregnancy itself may influence the course of a pituitary tumor. We report of a case of pregnancy in a woman who was diagnosed with acromegaly during the course of pregnancy. Her pregnancy was uneventful and she delivered a healthy baby at 38 weeks by cesarean section. No treatment was undertaken during the pregnancy and transsphenoidal surgery was performed after the delivery.

Plasma Leptin, Insulin Resistance, and Obesity Index of Type 2 Diabetics and Normal Subjects among Koreans.: Seong Kyu Lee, Hye Lim Noh, Yoon Jung Oh, Yoon Jung Kim, Eun Gyoung Hong, Bong Nam Chae, Yoon Sok Chung, Kwan Woo Lee, Hyeon Man Kim; J Korean Endocr Soc. 1999;14(1):122-133. Published online January 1, 2001

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Leptin has been reported to be correlated with the amount of adipose tissue in humans. The plasma leptin concentrations were not different between diabetics and non-diabetics in Mexican-Americans; however, the leptin might stimulate or diminish insulin secretion and induce insulin resistance. Then, it can be postulated that leptin may one of the key factors in the development of insulin resistance. Therefore we were to note any differences in FPL (fasting plasma leptin levels) between diabetics and normal subjects, and to investigate variables such as PBF (percentage body fat), BMI (body mass index), FPI (fasting plasma insulin) to determine their effects on the variation of FPL. We also were to investigate whether FPL influenced the GUR (glucose utilization rate). METHODS: The subjects were 116 type 2 diabetics and 45 normal subjects in Korean. PBF, BMI, WHR (waist hip ratio) were measured. Fasting plasma insulin and leptin levels were measured by radioimmunoassay. Euglycemic and/or hyperglycemic clamp tests were performed in 19 diabetics and 16 normal subjects. RESULTS: 1. There was no difference in FPL between diabetics and normal subjects. 2. A significant difference was found in FPL between female and male subjects. 3. Gender and body composition such as PBF, BMI contributed plasma leptin levels. 4. FPL was associated with GUR (Insulin resiatance) only in male subjects. 5. During 2h clamp tests, the acute increments of insulin or glucose did not change the leptin levels. CONCLUSION: These data suggested that there was no difference in FPL between diabetics and normal subjects, whereas gender, body composition such as PBF, BMI contributed leptin levels.

A Case of Graves' Disease associated with Myasthenia Gravis treated by Bilateral Subtotal Thyroidectomy and Total Thymectomy.: Yoon Sok Chung, Ki Sun Ryu, Euy Young Soh, In Soo Joo, Yoon Mi Jin, Han Young Ryu, Myung Wook Kim; J Korean Endocr Soc. 1997;12(3):473-477. Published online January 1, 2001

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Abstract PDF: Graves disease occur in association with myasthenia gravis is rare. We report a case of Graves disease and myasthenia gravis treated by bilateral subtotal thyroidectomy and total thymectomy simultaneously. A 37 year old woman was admitted with anterior neck mass and ptosis. Various examinations were compatible with combined Graves disease and myasthenia gravis. The bilateral subtotal thyroidectomy and total thymectomy were done simultaneously. The pathologic diagnosis was Graves disease and thymic hyperplasia. The patients postoperative course was uneventful. The thyroid function of patient became euthyroid and the clinical symptoms related with myastenia gravis resolved during follow up period.

A Case of Methimazole Induced Agranulocytosis Treated with Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor ( G-CSF ).: Kwan Woo Lee, Yoon Sok Chung, Hyeon Man Kim, So Yeon Choi, Min Kyung Song, Hyun Soo Kim, Hee Sun Jeon; J Korean Endocr Soc. 1997;12(1):68-74. Published online January 1, 2001

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Abstract PDF: A 31-year-old woman admitted because of fever, chilling and sore throat for 4 days. The symptom was developed after receiving methimazole 20mg per day and carteolol 10mg per day due to Graves disease during last 4 weeks. Physical examination revealed hyperemic enlarged tonsils with whitish plaque. The peripheral blood total neutrophil count was 1,400/mm3 (absolute neutrophil count, ANC 36) and a peripheral blood smear revealed rare neutrophil with lymphocytosis. On the first day of hospitalization, the patient was severely ill with ANC 0, it was decided to administer G-CSF 2ug/kg daily. On the fifth day of hospitalization, ANC in peripheral blood count was persistently zero and bone marrow aspiration and biopsy were performed, which revealed hypocellularity and myeloid hypoplasia. G-CSF given daily for 7days, it was discontinued when the ANC reached 1,539/mm3. The availability of G-CSF may help to shorten the course of agranulocytosis and to reduce its mortality rate.

The Effects of Growth Hormone Tretment on Body Composition and Glucose Metabolism in Adult Hypophysectomized Rats.: Kwan Woo Lee, Hyun Chul Lee, Kap Bum Huh, Yoon Sok Chung, Deok Bae Park, Yup Kang, Hyeon Man Kim, Seoung Oh Yang; J Korean Endocr Soc. 1997;12(1):53-60. Published online January 1, 2001

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
It is well known that growth hormone (GH) stimulates animal growth, but studies on metabolic effects of growth hormone have recently been increasing. The purpose of this study was to clarify the effects of growth hormone treatment on body composition and glucose metabolism in hypophysectomized growth hormone-deficient rats. METHODS: The 20-week-old rnale Sprague-Dawley rats were hypophysectomized and replaced with cortisol and thyroxine for 8 weeks, then administered with recombinant human growth hormone for 2 weeks. Group 1 consisted of intact controls (n 15), while group 2 consisted of hypophysectomized controls (n 12), and group three consisted of those with GH treatment (n 13). The body weights, body composition, blood glucose levels, plasma insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) levels, euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp test, and glycogen synthase activities in gastrocnemius muscle were measured before and after growth hormone treatment. RESULTS: Plasma IGF-I levels in GH-treated group increased to intact control group levels after 2 weeks of GH treatment. There were significant changes in body composition after the treatment (fat mass significantly decreased and lean body mass significantly increased). There were no changes in glucose metabolism in peripheral tissue after 2 weeks of GH treatment. CONCLUSION: Human GH treatment (4 IU/kg/day) in adult hypophysectomized GH-deficient rats changed the body composition, but did not alter the glucose metabolism in peripheral tissue.

DHEA ( dehydroepiandrosterone ).: Yoon Sok Chung; J Korean Endocr Soc. 1997;12(1):1-7. Published online January 1, 2001

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Abstract PDF: No abstract available.

Atrial Fibrillation in Patients with Hyperthyroidism.: Ju Yong Lee, Chang Ho Song, Byeung Su Yu, Choon Hee Chung, Yoon Sok Chung, Hyeon Man Kim; J Korean Endocr Soc. 1995;10(1):52-57. Published online November 6, 2019

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Abstract PDF: Hyperthyroidism is a well known cause of atrial fibrillation. It is also known that control of hyperthyroidism can usually curb thyrotoxic atrial fibrillation and restore sinus rhythm. In this study, 282 patients with hyperthyroidism were investigated to quantify the incidence of atrial fibrillation, and to identify the vulnerable groups. In addition, we compared two groups of subjects with atrial fibrillation-one group with hyperthyroidism and the other group without - to study their reversion rate to sinus rhythm. Lastly, we investigated the factors affecting reversion to sinus rhythm in patients with thyrotoxic atrial fibrillation.The results were follows;1) Among 282 patients with hyperthyroidism, 35 cases(12.4%) had atrial fibrillation. Atrial fibrillations were more prevalent among male patient(19.4%) and elderly patients(42.9%) than female patients(10.0%) and young patients(10.0%).2) Reversion to normal sinus rhythm in patients with thyrotoxic atrial fibrillation(39.3%) was significantly higher than that in patients without hyperthyroidism(17.4%, p<0.001).3) Reversion to normal sinus rhythm was achieved within 28 weeks from the beginnig of antithyroid treatment in patients with thyrotoxic atrial fibrillation. Although there were no significant differences in mean age, sex ratio, and initial and follow-up thyroid hormone levels between the reversion group and non-reversion group, associated heart diseases were more prevalent in the latter group(18.2% vs. 47.1%).It can be concluded that thyrotoxic atrial fibrillations were more common in male patient and elderly patient groups, and could be frequently reverted to normal sinus rhythm by antithyroid treatment. We also suggest that the duration of artrial fibrillation(from intial onset of the condition), and associated heart diseases, may be important predictive factors for the reversion of atrial fibrillation in patients with hyperthyroidism.

A Case of Propylthiouracil - Induced Hepatitis; Showed Chronic Active Hepatitis by Pathologic Finding.: Yoon Sok Chung, Hyeon Man Kim, Deok Bae Park, Kwang Hwa Park, Chull Sim, Min Kyung Song, Heui Chul Chung; J Korean Endocr Soc. 1994;10(3):289-294. Published online November 6, 2019

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Abstract PDF: A 15-year old girl developed propylthiouracil-induced hepatitis documented as chronic active hepatitis by liver biopsy, who had suffered from Graves' disease for 1 year and treated with propylthiouracil. The result of lymphocyte transformation test was negative which was performed after 3 months of onset of hepatitis.

Two Cases of Hypothyroidism Associated with Chromosomal Abnormality.: Yoon Sok Chung, Hyeon Man Kim, Min Kyung Song, Deok Bae Park, Si Hoon Han, Hyun Ju Kim, Hee Sun Jeon; J Korean Endocr Soc. 1994;10(2):170-174. Published online November 6, 2019

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Abstract PDF: No abstract available.

A Case of Propylthiouracil - Induced Hepatitis ; showed chronic active hepatitis by pathologic finding.: Yoon Sok Chung, Hyeon Man Kim, Min Kyung Song, Deok Bae Park, Kwang Hwa Park, Chull Sim; J Korean Endocr Soc. 1994;10(2):165-167. Published online November 6, 2019

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Abstract PDF: No abstract available.

Seasonal Variation in Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D in The Elderly in Korean.: Eun Jig Lee, Kyung Rae Kim, Young Duk Song, Hyun Chul Lee, Kap Bum Huh, Choon Hee Chung, Sung Kil Lim, Yoon Sok Chung; J Korean Endocr Soc. 1994;9(2):121-127. Published online November 6, 2019

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Abstract PDF: The seasonal variations in the parameters of calcium metabolism including 25-hydroxyvitamin D were analyzed in 19 free-living elderly subjects (mean age:68.7±6.7 yr) in Seoul. Mean serum total calcium concentration was 9.0±0.3 mg/dl in March and had risen to 9.3±0.3mg/dl in the following September(p<0.001). Despite their comparable calcium intake. Serum phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase concentrations did not show any seasonal variations, whereas serum PTH concentrations were significantly lower in September than in March(20.1±8.6 vs. 32.5±8.4 pg/ml, p<0.001). Seasonal changes in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations were also found between the value(17.3±6.9 ng/ml) in March and that (28.5±7.4 ng/ml) in September(p<0.001). There was a significant correlation between seasonal increase in 25-hydroxyvitamin D and seasonal reduction in serum PTH/Cr(r=-0.5394, p<0.05). This study suggests that the winter minimum of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and the elevated PTH may be a contributing risk factor for the development of osteopenia especially in the elderly individuals. When exposure to sunlight is reduced, as in the case of nursing home population, an additional exogenous form of the vitamin D may be advisable.

Clinical usefulness of urinary growth hormone measurements in adults.: Yoon Sok Chung, Hyun Chul Lee, Kap Bum Huh, Duk Hi Kim, Myung Hee Lee; J Korean Endocr Soc. 1993;8(4):398-403. Published online January 1, 2001

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Abstract PDF: No abstract available.

Growth hormone response to L-dopa and pyridostigmine in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.: Kyeong Mi Lee, Eun Jig Lee, Kyung Rae Kim, Byung Seok Lee, Ki Hyun Park, Hee Dong Bae, Yoon Sok Chung, Sung Kil Lim, Hyun Chul Lee, Kap Bum Huh; J Korean Endocr Soc. 1993;8(3):265-272. Published online January 1, 2001

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Abstract PDF: No abstract available.

The effect of ipriflavone on postmenopausal osteoporosis.: Young Joon Weon, Yoon Sok Chung, Ki Young Hong, Yoo Kyoung Park, Hee Son Kim, Jong Ho Lee, Eun Jig Lee, Sung Kil Lim, Kyung Rae Kim, Hyun Chul Lee, Kap Bum Huh; J Korean Endocr Soc. 1993;8(3):259-264. Published online January 1, 2001

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Abstract PDF: No abstract available.

The effect of body fat on bone density in pre-and postmenopausal women.: Young Duk Song, Sung Kil Lim, Yoon Sok Chung, Seog Won Park, Choon Hee Chung, Kwang Jin Ahn, Eun Jig Lee, Hyun Chul Lee, Kap Bum Huh, Mi Sook Choi, In Kyung Paik, Jong Ho Lee; J Korean Endocr Soc. 1993;8(3):251-258. Published online January 1, 2001

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Abstract PDF: No abstract available.

A case of cushing's syndrome due to bilateral macronodular adrenocortical hyperplasia associated with empty sella syndrome.: Jin Ahn Kim, Kyung Mi Lee, Yoon Sok Chung, Eun Tack Shin, Uk Hee Won, Eun Jig Lee, Kyung Rae Kim, Hyun Chul Lee, Kap Bum Huh, Ki Whang Kim, Hee De Lee, Woo Hee Jung; J Korean Endocr Soc. 1993;8(2):203-210. Published online January 1, 2001

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Abstract PDF: No abstract available.

The correlation between body composition and bone mineral density in pre-and postmenopausal women.: Moon Suk Nam, Eun Jig Lee, Kyung Rae Kim, Kyung Mi Lee, Yoon Sok Chung, Sung Kil Lim, Hyun Chul Lee, Byung Suk Lee, Ki Hyun Park, Kap Bum Huh; J Korean Endocr Soc. 1993;8(2):180-186. Published online January 1, 2001

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Abstract PDF: No abstract available.

alpha-subunit secretion of pituitary adenomas.: Kyeong Mi Lee, Eun Jig Lee, Kyung Rae Kim, Yoon Sok Chung, Byoung Kwon Lee, Seg Won Park, Sung Kil Lim, Hyun Chul Lee, Doe Heum Yoon, Young Soo Kim, Kap Bum Huh; J Korean Endocr Soc. 1993;8(2):127-133. Published online January 1, 2001

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Abstract PDF: No abstract available.

A case of pituitary metastasis from periampullary carcinoma.: Eun Tack Shin, Eun Jig Lee, Kyung Rae Kim, Kyung Mi Lee, Hee Dong Bae, Kwan Sik Lee, Yoon Sok Chung, Kwang Jin Ahn, Sung Kil Lim, Hyun Chul Lee, Kap Bum Huh; J Korean Endocr Soc. 1993;8(1):88-93. Published online January 1, 2001

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Abstract PDF: No abstract available.

Hereditary influence in determinig peak bone mass.: Ki Young Hong, Yoon Sok Chung, Sung Kil Lim, Young Duk Song, Moon Jeong Shim, Yoo Kyung Park, Jong Ho Lee, Hyun Yong Song, Eun Jig Lee, Kyung Rae Kim, Hyun Chul Lee, Soo Jae Moon; J Korean Endocr Soc. 1993;8(1):66-71. Published online January 1, 2001

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Abstract PDF: No abstract available.

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone(GnRH) therapy in male patients with hypothalamic hypogonadism.: Seog Won Park, Yoon Sok Chung, Choon Hee Chung, Sung Eun Kim, Eun Jig Lee, Hyun Chul Lee, Kap Bum Huh, Hyung Ki Choi, Moo Sang Lee, Ki Hyun Park; J Korean Endocr Soc. 1993;8(1):27-34. Published online January 1, 2001

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Abstract PDF: No abstract available.

Thyrotropin secreating pituitary adenoma.: Eun Jig Lee, Kyung Rae Kim, Hyeon Man Kim, Yoon Sok Chung, Kwang Jin Ahn, Kyung Mi Lee, Sung Kil Lim, Hyun Chul Lee, Duk Hi Kim, Dong Ik Kim, Doe Heum Yoon, Yong Gu Park; J Korean Endocr Soc. 1992;7(4):331-342. Published online January 1, 2001

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Abstract PDF: No abstract available.

Estrogen receptors of human pituitary adenomas.: Eun Jig Lee, Kyung Rae Kim, Hyun Chul Lee, Yoon Sok Chung, Kwang Jin Ahn, Sung Kil Lim, Mi Rim Kim, Chang Mi Kim, Kyung Za Ryu, Do Heum Yoon, Sang Seop Chung, Kyu Chang Lee; J Korean Endocr Soc. 1992;7(3):208-215. Published online January 1, 2001

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Abstract PDF: No abstract available.

Pituitary oncocytoma.: Eun Jig Lee, Kyung Rai Kim, Hyun Chul Lee, Kwang Jin Ahn, Yoon Sok Chung, Sung Kil Lim, Kap Bum Huh, Woo Ick Yang, Woo Hee Chung, Tae Seung Kim, Do Heum Yoon, Sang Seop Chung; J Korean Endocr Soc. 1992;7(1):16-23. Published online January 1, 2001

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Abstract PDF: No abstract available.

Clinical review of pheochromocytoma.: Shin Kee Ahn, Kwang Jin Ahn, Eun Jig Lee, Yoon Sok Chung, Sung Kil Lim, Kyung Rae Kim, Hyun Chul Lee, Kap Bum Huh, Cheong Soo Park, Jin Moo Lee; J Korean Endocr Soc. 1991;6(3):245-253. Published online January 1, 2001

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Abstract PDF: No abstract available.

Clinical aspexts on craniopharyngioma.: Jae Hee Chung, Hyun Chul Lee, Nae Choon Yoo, Yoon Sok Chung, Seong Kil Lim, Kyung Rae Kim, Kap Bum Huh; J Korean Endocr Soc. 1991;6(2):163-169. Published online January 1, 2001

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Abstract PDF: No abstract available.

Author index